说到宋朝，我们感叹，如此富裕的朝代，在军事上，却处处受到限制。到南宋时，北方和西北都被蒙古打下，此时的南宋，无疑是待宰的羔羊。可如此弱小的南宋，硬是和蒙古帝国对抗了50年。在美版知乎Quora上，欧洲网友提问道：宋朝是中国最虚弱的王朝，偏安江南，为什么可以与蒙古帝国对抗这么久？这个问题引起各国专家网友的围观何热议，我们看看他们的观点。
问题：宋朝作为中国历史上最虚弱的王朝，为什么能与蒙古帝国对抗这么久？
阿尔巴尼亚网友迪米特里斯的回答
Weak national strength is relative.
国力弱是相对的。
The Song Dynasty was considered the "weakest" Dynasty in China because, in hindsight, its military record was relatively poor.
宋朝被认为是中国“最虚弱”的王朝，是因为事后看来，它的军事记录相对较差。
This is because they were unfortunately surrounded by more powerful and ferocious neighbors than other dynasties, and because they did not have these strategically important territories from the beginning of the founding of the people"s Republic of China, they were at a relative strategic disadvantage at the beginning, because before the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao state had annexed this region and took power in North China.
这是因为他们不幸被比其他朝代更强大、更凶猛的邻国包围，并且因为他们从建国之初就没有拥有这些具有重要战略意义的领土，因此在开始时就处于相对的战略劣势，因为在北宋建立之前，辽国已经吞并了该地区，在华北地区掌权。
This meant that the Song Dynasty lacked sufficient defensive fortresses. Therefore, on the open plains of northern China, they were always at a great military disadvantage and suffered a series of humiliating military reversals, which consolidated their reputation as the "weakest" Chinese dynasty.
这意味着宋朝缺乏足够的防守要塞，因此在中国北方开阔的平原上，他们一直处于巨大的军事劣势之下，并遭受了一系列屈辱性的军事逆转，这巩固了他们作为“最虚弱”的中国王朝的声誉。
However, relative weakness will not be transformed into absolute weakness. I have no doubt that if the army of the Northern Song Dynasty confronted the army of the Han and Tang dynasties at the peak of the three dynasties, the army of the Northern Song Dynasty would defeat their predecessors without difficulty.
但相对弱势并不会转化为绝对弱势。我毫不怀疑，如果北宋军队在汉唐三朝鼎盛时期与汉唐军队对峙，那么北宋军队将毫不费力地击败他们的前辈。
The Song Dynasty was an economic power. At that time, there was no such country in the world. The economic prosperity made it difficult for all countries to catch up with it. It is estimated that its GDP accounted for more than 50% of the world. Moreover, there was no similar economic power after a long period of time. Their economic organization has developed to an astonishing modern level, and overseas trade is flourishing. They are at the peak of the Chinese style commercial revolution.
宋朝是一个经济强国，当时世界还没有存在过这样的国家，经济之繁荣，让所有国家难以望其项背，据估算其GDP占世界的50%以上，而且在相当长的一段时间之后，也没有出现过类似的经济强国。他们的经济组织发展到了一个令人惊讶的现代程度，海外贸易兴盛至极，他们正处于中国式商业革命的顶峰。
Their wealth also benefits from amazing agricultural productivity, which enables them to feed a large population. Compared with other world powers at that time, China was famous for its large population, which basically began in the Song Dynasty. They also took the lead in using gunpowder weapon technology and have an excellent Navy.
他们的财富还得益于惊人的农业生产率，这使他们能够养活庞大的人口。与当时的其他世界强国相比，中国以人口众多而闻名，这基本上始于宋朝。他们还率先使用火药武器技术，拥有一支优秀的海军。
Their wealth can be used for diplomacy, buying off / bribing potential threats, and enticing other countries to attack / harass their opponents for them (although this policy did work, in the end, when they decided to finance the Mongols" invasion of Jin, this strategy allowed the great Song Dynasty to dig its own graves).
他们的财富可以用于外交，收买/贿赂潜在的威胁，并诱使其他国家为他们打击/骚扰他们的对手（尽管这一政策确实起了作用，但最终在他们决定资助蒙古人入侵金国时，这一策略让大宋自掘坟墓）。
This wealth also means that they can build very strong fortifications, deploy and maintain a very large army and Navy, and equip them with the latest and most advanced weapons.
这些财富还意味着他们可以建造非常强大的防御工事，部署和维持一支非常庞大的陆军和海军，并为其配备最新和最先进的武器。
All of this ultimately means that although their offensive actions outside the border are somewhat vulnerable, it is often difficult to defeat them in defensive battles that take advantage of the terrain advantages they have prepared and strengthened.
所有这一切最终意味着，当他们在边境以外的进攻行动虽然有些不堪一击，可在利用他们已经准备和加强的地形优势的防御战中，往往很难将他们击败。
Finally, the Mongols had to make use of the resources of the whole empire, introduce stone throwing machines and other siege warfare technologies from the Middle East, and recruit professionals in the North China area they had controlled to establish their own navy. Only then could they overcome the defense of the Southern Song Dynasty. This meant that they had to conquer other parts of the empire before they could obtain the resources needed to conquer the Song Dynasty.
蒙古人最终不得不利用整个帝国的资源，从中东引进投石机和其他围攻战技术，并在他们已经控制的华北地区招募专业人才，建立自己的海军，然后才能克服南宋的防御，这意味着他们必须先征服帝国的其他部分，然后才能获得征服宋朝所需的资源。
In fact, if it were not for their incompetence in leadership in the last few years, it is likely that they would block the Mongols indefinitely and their iron hooves would be confined to the north of the Yangtze River.
事实上，如果不是因为他们在最后几年的领导无能，很有可能他们会无限期地阻挡蒙古人，其铁蹄会被限制在长江以北。
美国蒙古历史研究员鲍勃•艾克布斯的回答
Because slandering the Song Dynasty is one of the most serious slander movements in the history of Chinese history. Although they are indeed recognized as the pinnacle of Chinese art and Political Science in the feudal society, they have been roughly put to an end by historians. Although their history is longer than that of any Chinese dynasty since the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD), they are considered to be a weak court in a remote corner.
因为污蔑宋朝是中国史学史上最严重的诽谤运动之一。尽管它们确实被公认为是中国艺术和政治科学在封建社会时期的顶峰，但它们已经被历史学家粗略地划上了句号，尽管事实上它们的历史比汉朝（公元前202年-公元220年）以来的任何一个中国王朝都要长，却被认为是偏安一隅的窝囊朝廷。
In fact, it was this kind of smear work that indirectly created a good image of the Ming Dynasty: it was the trivial and embarrassing criticism of the song and Yuan Dynasties in the official history that prompted the Qing emperor to tell their historians "to objectively describe the advantages and disadvantages of the Ming Dynasty, even though we are still killing the former Ming people." The historian is the most decisive factor in history.
事实上，正是这种抹黑工作间接创造了明朝的良好形象：正是看到各朝官方历史中对宋元的琐碎和令人尴尬的批评，才促使清朝皇帝告诉他们的历史学家“客观描述大明的优缺点，即使我们仍在杀死前明的遗民。”历史学家是历史上最具决定性的因素。
Since the Song Dynasty successfully resisted the Mongols in half a century, and the powerful and rigid belligerent dynasties such as the Jin Dynasty or the khwalezmid Dynasty disintegrated in one or five years, it is extremely unreasonable to call the Song Dynasty the "weakest Dynasty".
既然宋朝在半个世纪里成功地抵抗了蒙古人，而金朝或赫瓦列兹米德王朝等强大的、刻板的好战王朝在一年或五年内分崩离析，那么称宋朝为“最薄弱的王朝”是极其不合理的。
By the way, the Song Dynasty did unify China. However, it was only when the Mongols came to power that the Song Dynasty lost the entire northern region to the Jin Dynasty.
顺便说一句，宋朝确实统一了中国。然而，只是当蒙古人掌权时，宋朝将整个北部地区都输给了金朝。
Although it did not rule the whole continent, the Song Dynasty had many advantages.
尽管没有统治整个大陆，但宋朝有许多优势。
1. The Song Dynasty was very rich. The economy of the South was prosperous, and they managed to build a large army, which lasted for a long time. The Song Dynasty could easily carry out the war of attrition (Xiangyang campaign) on the border for many years.
1.宋代非常富有。南方经济繁荣，他们设法建立了庞大的军队，并维持了很长一段时间。宋朝可以轻松地在边境进行多年的消耗战（襄阳战役）。
2. The Song Dynasty is technologically advanced. For example, the Song Dynasty used gunpowder weapons to fight the nomads for decades.
2.宋代技术先进，例如，宋朝使用火药武器与游牧民族战斗了几十年。
3. The Yangtze River is the natural barrier in the south of China. The navy of the Song Dynasty had naval advantages, and the Mongolian cavalry could not play a role. Later, Kublai Khan ordered the Han people in the north to establish their own navy as a counterattack. Take a look at the northern border near Xiangyang. You can see a river there, and the water network is crisscross in the south.
3.中国南部以长江为天然屏障。宋朝海军拥有海军优势，蒙古骑兵难以发挥作用。后来，忽必烈汗命令北方的汉族人也建立自己的海军，以此作为反击。看看襄阳附近的北部边境，你可以看到那里有一条河，南部更是水网纵横。
The Song Dynasty strengthened the northern border, especially Xiangyang. The Mongols were never good at siege. Therefore, it took them many years and many lives to capture one of the largest fortified cities, Xiangyang. Kublai Khan had to ask his brother hulegu to send Muslim siege experts to help him build a stone throwing machine to destroy the wall.
宋朝加强了北部边境，特别是襄阳。蒙古人从来不擅长围攻战。因此，他们花了许多年和许多生命才攻占了最大的设防城市之一，襄阳。忽必烈汗不得不要求他的兄弟胡列古派穆斯林围攻专家帮助他建造投石机来摧毁城墙。
Although the administration of the Song Dynasty was chaotic, there were still several loyal and able generals in the dynasty. They fought bravely and made the powerful Mongols bogged down for many years, such as Wang Jian and Meng Gong.
5.尽管宋朝的行政管理混乱，但该王朝仍有几位忠诚能干的将军。他们英勇战斗，使强大的蒙古人陷入僵局多年，如王坚，孟珙等。
6. The Mongolian army"s acclimatization to the environment in the humid and hot areas of southern China is also a factor. This greatly reduced the efficiency of the Mongolian army in fighting the long-standing southern army of China, while the southern army fought desperately for the motherland.
6.蒙古军队对中国南方湿热地区的环境水土不服也是一个因素。这使得蒙古军队在与久经战火的中国南方军队的战斗中效率大大降低，而南方军队拼命为祖国而战。
英国专家麦道克•威廉姆斯的回答
The Southern Song Dynasty rebelled against the Mongols from 1234 until 1279, so you can say that they rebelled for 44 years. However, the Mongols and the song people were at war only about half the time, because the Mongols had many other wars to fight.
南宋从1234年开始反抗蒙古人，直到1279年才倒台，所以你可以说他们反抗了44年。然而，蒙古人和宋人只有大约一半的时间处于战争状态，因为蒙古人还有许多其他战争要打。
In terms of theme, they have several main advantages:
从主题上讲，他们有几个主要优势：
Climate: the Mongols and their horses are very adapted to the dry and cold climate of grassland and Siberian forest. Heat is tolerable for them, but it is much more troublesome in areas with high humidity. When the Mongols invaded southern China and later Vietnam and Burma, they suffered from serious diseases, such as dysentery, cholera and malaria, as well as pure high temperature. Even the Chinese in the north had serious health problems when fighting in the south in different Chinese dynasties.
气候：蒙古人和他们的马非常适应草原和西伯利亚森林的干燥和寒冷气候，热对他们来说是可以忍受的，但湿度大的地区要麻烦得多。当蒙古人入侵中国南部，后来又入侵越南和缅甸时，他们遭受了严重的疾病，如痢疾、霍乱和疟疾，以及单纯的高温。即使是北方的中国人，在不同的中国朝代在南方打仗时也有严重的健康问题。
Terrain: it can be said that southern China has the best defense terrain combination against cavalry troops, and has superior conditions for raising troops and a large population. Southern China is composed of wet rice fields, deep rivers, continuous mountains and hills, dense forests and even some jungles. Historically, it was very difficult for cavalry to maneuver and attack on this land.
地形：可以说，中国南部拥有对抗骑兵部队的最佳防御地形组合，同时有优越的养兵条件，人口众多。中国南部由潮湿的稻田、深邃的河流、连绵不绝的山脉和丘陵、茂密的森林甚至一些丛林组成。历史上骑兵在这片土地上机动和进攻非常困难。
南方丘陵
Military and economy: it is recorded that the song army has more than 700000 to 1 million trained professionals, depending on the year, which may be comparable to the joint forces in other parts of the world (excluding the Mongols). They also have an inland Navy supported by gunpowder composed of thousands of warships, and by far the most powerful economy in the world. Paper money has been produced, and even the surrounding Korean Peninsula and Japan have used Song Dynasty paper money as legal tender.
军队和经济：据记载，宋军的训练有素的专业人员超过70万至100万，具体取决于年份，这可能与世界其他地区（不包括蒙古人）的联合军队相当。他们还拥有一支由数千艘军舰组成的由火药支持的内河海军，以及迄今为止世界上最强大的经济体，纸币已经产生，甚至周边的朝鲜半岛和日本都将宋朝纸币作为法定货币。
For many years, the main factories of the Song Dynasty have been able to produce thousands of gunpowder grenades ("lightning bombs") fired by cannons each month. This scale is very similar to that of European factories before the first World War.
多年来，主要的宋朝工厂每个月都能单独生产出数千枚由大炮发射的火药榴弹（“雷击炸弹”），这种规模与第一次世界大战前的欧洲工厂非常相似。
The defense system and experience of the Song Dynasty: the Navy, gunpowder weapons and fortifications of the Song Dynasty were complete. In the centuries before the Mongols, the Song Dynasty had been fighting against the powerful cavalry troops of the Liao and Jin Dynasties. This experience gave them a strong military tradition and an effective strategy based on controlling the fortifications of the Yangtze, Huai and Han rivers.
宋朝的防御体系和经验：宋朝海军、火药武器和防御工事完备。在蒙古人之前的几个世纪里，宋朝一直在与辽金强大的骑兵部队作战，这一经验给了他们一个强大的军事传统和一个基于控制长江、淮河和汉江防御工事的行之有效的战略。
By using its control over the Yangtze River to mobilize troops throughout the Empire, this river based defense system, supported by a strong navy and hundreds of water wells, was also very successful when the Jin people used it against the Mongols from 1217 to 1232: the Mongols were able to infiltrate the Jin system in an extremely dangerous battle before winning. No other strategy has been more successful in defeating the Mongolian coalition.
通过利用其对长江的控制在帝国各地调动军队，这一以河流为基础的防御系统在强大的海军和数百口水井的支持下，在1217年至1232年被金人用来对付蒙古人时也非常成功：蒙古人在一场极其危险的战役中渗透了金国系统才得以获胜。在挫败蒙古联军方面，没有其他战略比这更为成功。
Focus of Mongolia: the Mongols were busy with the agenda of conquering the world, and the unified Mongolian Empire never used all its resources to attack the Song Dynasty. When the Mongols first invaded in 1235, their best generals and most elite troops were invading Russia, while other powerful armies were attacking Iran and Georgia, Kashmir, Tubo and the Korean Peninsula. Guyuk Khan did not make any serious invasion because he focused on other places, and mengke Khan also used most of Mongolia"s power to ensure security in the Middle East.
蒙古的焦点：蒙古人忙于征服世界的议程，统一的蒙古帝国从未将其全部资源用于进攻宋朝。当蒙古人在1235年首次入侵时，他们最好的将军和大部分精锐部队正在入侵俄罗斯，同时其他强大的军队也在攻击伊朗和格鲁吉亚、克什米尔、吐蕃以及朝鲜半岛。古尤克·汗没有进行任何严重的入侵，因为他关注的是其他地方，而蒙克汗也将蒙古的大部分力量用于确保中东的安全。
However, the Song Dynasty had another advantage: wealth. All of these advantages seem meaningless in the face of the truly outstanding talent, uriyangkhadai, the famous son of subutai. In 1253, mengge Khan sent ulyang Kadai to surround the Southern Song Dynasty with a unique flanking tactics. Ulyang Kadai conquered some of the worst terrain in the world, from Tibet to the jungles and mountains of Yunnan and Vietnam.
然而，宋朝还有一个优势：财富。在著名的苏布泰之子乌里扬卡代（Uriyangkhadai）这位真正杰出的人才面前，上述所有优势似乎毫无意义。1253年，蒙哥·汗派遣乌里扬卡代以一种独特的侧翼战术包围了南宋，乌里扬卡代征服了世界上一些最恶劣的地形，从西藏到云南和越南的丛林和山区。
In 1258, mengge Khan began to invade, and ulyankadai effectively traveled about 2500 miles around the entire song Empire, penetrating the Song Dynasty from the rear and defeating many large-scale song armies. Starting from Vietnam in the south, he reached the Yangtze River in Ezhou and joined the Mongolian army attacking from the North under the rule of Kublai Khan in the future; This effectively divided the Song Dynasty into two and put the Mongols in a very favorable position.
1258年，蒙哥汗开始入侵，乌里扬卡代在整个宋帝国周围有效地行进了大约2500英里，从后方穿透了宋，打败了许多大规模集结的宋军。从南部的越南出发，他在鄂州到达了长江，并与未来忽必烈统治下从北方进攻的蒙古军队会合；这有效地将宋朝一分为二，使蒙古人处于非常有利的地位。
However, at this opportunistic moment, mengge Khan suddenly died in the fishing City, triggering a civil war and forcing the Mongolian army to retreat. The Song Dynasty only had a seven-year grace period to recover, although they also experienced an unfortunate decline during this period.
然而，就在这个机会主义的时刻，蒙哥汗突然死于钓鱼城，引发了一场内战，迫使蒙古军队撤退。宋朝才有7年的宽限期来恢复，尽管他们在这一时期也经历了不幸的衰落。
Finally, this question puts forward some assumptions that are not necessarily accurate: although some people can say that the Mongols are a rough and pragmatic people, and in a sedentary culture, they seem to be barbaric, they are very sophisticated when they begin to struggle with the Song Dynasty. The Mongols created a culture better at achieving results than any in history, and made full use of the best talents from all over their vast empire. As we all know, many very talented people voluntarily defected or voluntarily joined the Mongolian Empire, which made them invincible and expanded the world"s largest land territory.
最后，这个问题提出了一些不一定准确的假设：尽管有人可以说蒙古人是一个粗野、务实的民族，在一个久坐的文化中，他们似乎是野蛮的，但当他们开始与宋朝作斗争时，他们却又是非常老练的。蒙古人创造了一种比历史上任何一种都更善于取得成果的文化，并充分利用了他们广阔帝国各地最优秀的人才。众所周知，许多非常有天赋的人自愿叛逃或自愿加入蒙古帝国，这才让他们所向披靡，扩张出世界上最庞大的陆地版图。
